Community Based Correctional Program Research Proposal

Community Based Correctional Program - Research Proposal Example The program is also aimed at assessing the behavioral and psychological traits of individuals in the program, which lead them to participate in chemical abuse. 1. The first objective of the program is to provide primary counseling services for the individuals who have a chemical abuse problem (Marlowe, 2010). This objective will also focus on individualized treatment of the individuals, coupled with constant monitoring and assessment of the offenders. 2. Provide the clients in the program with a highly specialized treatment service for the period in which they are in the program. This will include a completely structured treatment and therapeutic treatment service aimed at identifying and reducing the root of the chemical abuse problem (CCP, 2012). 5. Provide other services that help in improving the chemical and psychological health of the client. These services include anger management, parenting skills, cultural, gender sensitivity, and alcoholic control (CCP, 2012). Since the program is meant to compliment the services of the state in the provision of rehabilitation services, the main clientele served by the program will be individuals who violate their paroles to a level that necessitates their return to prison (Lipton, 1999). These individuals will be mainly composed of violating parolees who are deemed to have a chemical abuse nature and must undergo drug rehabilitation. The second groups to be served by the program include offenders currently undergoing incarceration at state prisons, but are mandated by the regulators and prison boards to undergo chemical rehabilitation (Lipton, 1999). These offenders will be taken out of their prisons and kept in the program facilities. Other clients will be the offenders who are ordered by respective courts to serve chemical dependency programs prior to their release form state and government prison services (Lipton, 1999).

Should abortions be legal Essay Example for Free

Should abortions be legal Essay Abortion should be legal, because there are too many things that go wrong. A women could be raped and need to get one because she doesn’t want to look at the child and doesn’t want to feel it grow, freedom of choosing what to do and how government involvement in personal decisions such as this could lead to potentially having the government deem how many children you can have or even how many pregnancies you are allowed, medical reasons for abortion, and the ability of a woman to have control of her body is critical to civil rights. There is a freedom of choosing what to do, and how government involvement in personal decisions such as this could lead to potentially having the government deem how many children you can have or even how many pregnancies you are allowed. The numbers of the abortions in China in 1979 spiked to very high numbers. â€Å"According to a government tally, 9. 2 million abortions were performed in 2008, up from 7. 6 million in 2007. But the count only includes hospitals, and state media report the total could be as high as 13 million. If accurate, that would give China among the highest abortion rates in the world. (4) All of these abortions are because of the government taking control and saying that females could only have one child. If something like that happens here in America numbers would spike from the â€Å"2009-2011 estimates of 1,212,400 annually†(5) to around the same as China. â€Å"Medical conditions can arise during pregnancy that may pose a danger to the mothers life. Some of these conditions may result from the pregnancy itself, while others may be medical problems that require immediate treatment that cannot be done while pregnant. For example, if aggressive cancer is discovered during pregnancy, it may be necessary to treat the cancer immediately, posing a danger to the fetus. Some women may opt for abortion in order to receive treatment that could save the womans life. Continuing the pregnancy in some of these instances could result in death, stroke or infertility for the mothers. This is common in cases in which the fetus has already died in-utero. † (3) There are times in a pregnancy when doctors know that a miscarriage is going to happen, this normally happens in the first 16 weeks. They then tell the mother that there is no fetal heartbeat on the monitor or the level of HCG decreases in the blood because the baby is not alive. When some of the women find out they decide to have an abortion because it is less stress and it has less health risk. If the woman has to carry until the miscarriage happens the health risk are very high. The women could hemorrhage, or even greater problems like infertility. When a rape or family pregnancy happens it is a true crime. Making a woman carry the child full term would cause more harm to the woman. There are women out there that are too afraid to go to the police or to a hospital about a rape. Some choose to wait a few weeks after finding out and go in saying they just don’t the child. Some women don’t find out about the pregnancy until it is too late and have to choose abort after 13 weeks or carry to full term. †Only one percent of abortions happen from rape victims. (2) â€Å" â€Å"Control over her body and the freedom to decide the course of her life is critical to a womans civil rights. When a woman is pregnant it is her body that goes through all the stress of pregnancy. If she decides not to have a pregnancy she should be able to do so. Denying her the right to her body is violating her most basic freedom. One of the most pertinent questions regarding abortion is when does life begin. A fetus may be alive but so are sperms and eggs. It is true that life in every form should be respected. However, should the right of a fetus be greater than that of a woman who in majority of the cases would bear the responsibility of the unplanned child? One of the important abortion facts is that most of the abortions take place in the first trimester when the fetus cannot live independent of the mother. It depends on the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord for nutrition and health and hence should not be considered a separate entity. †(1) In conclusion abortion should be legal in order to help the people who need it. Yes with the good there comes bad. Some people are always going to use the abortion like a morning after pill; there is nothing we can do about it. If it was to be made illegal than what about the women who are going to die giving birth to an already passed child because she was made to carry to term from this? What about that one percent of women that are actually not scared to say something about the rape and get an abortion? Should we deny them their rights? Should abortions be illegal? Abortions should be illegal because abortion should not be used as another form of contraception, those who choose abortions are often minors or young women with insufficient life experience to understand fully what they are doing many have lifelong regrets afterwards, and adoption is a viable alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result. With 1. million American families wanting to adopt a child, there is no such thing as an unwanted child. (1-1) In the U. S. A. 2 out of 100 women who get pregnant have an abortion which is more than 40 percent. It is like abortions are being used as if they were getting your teeth cleaned 2 times a year. Abortions should not be just a get out of jail free card. When you decide to lay down in the bed with your partner you should be ready for what comes next. Within the first 8 weeks of pregnancy more than 85 percent of the abortions in the U.  S happen. Women should not be a loud to just kill a child like that its old trash. â€Å"Of teenage women who become pregnant, about 35% choose to have an abortion rather than bear a child. One or both parents of 61% of minors know about their daughters abortions. The younger the teen, the higher the likelihood that she has told her mother about the situation. Many states have enacted, or are considering, laws that restrict teenagers access to abortion by requiring parental involvement in the abortion decision. Such laws include: Parental notification laws that require medical personnel to notify a minors parent(s) of her intention to obtain an abortion; Parental consent laws that require medical personnel to obtain written permission from the parent(s) before providing an abortion; Almost all of the parental notification and consent laws have judicial bypass options that allow a teen who feels she cannot involve her parent(s) to get a judges permission to proceed with her abortion. Some states allow a physician to waive parental involvement, and some allow professional counseling instead of parental involvement. â€Å"(1-2) More than 46 states do this so we can stop the use of abortion by kids so their parents will not know. Low-income women (as an example, those earning $17,170 or less in a three-person household) accounted for 514,040 abortions, or 42% of all abortions, in 2008. Is this just because they feel like they can’t afford it? There are so many families that are unable to have children and just to be blessed with one or two of the children that are killed every day would be so great for that family. â€Å"About 30 percent of Americans have considered adopting (Harris, 2007), but as of 2002, only 2. 0 percent have done so (Jones, 2009). Somewhere between those percentages lies the number of people seeking to adopt—that is, those who have taken concrete steps to adopt a child. (1-3) Even though there is over 115,00o children in the public child care waiting to be adopted, most people looking to adopt are looking for younger than 3 kids with† characteristics that are less common in children in the foster care system than other traits. But while high percentages of women would accept a child with other characteristics, they expressed concern about adopting children with health or behavioral problems. †(1-3) So there are more than plenty of people wanting to adopt younger children so abortio n should be made illegal.

IVU Preparation and IVU Procedure

IVU Preparation and IVU Procedure What is Intravenous Urography? Intravenous Urography examines is the urinary system by using a special dye (contrast medium) that is injected into one of your veins. The dye travels through the bloodstream and is removed by the kidneys and passed into the ureters and bladder. The dye helps to show up these organs more clearly on X-rays. The test can help find out the cause of urinary problems. It can show kidney and bladder stones, tumours, blood clots or narrowing in the ureters. It is routinely done as an out-patient procedure in the radiology department. The procedure is comprised of two phases. First, it needs a functioning kidney to clean the dye out of the blood into the urine. The time necessary for the dye to come into view on x rays correlate exactly with kidneys function. The second phase gives entire anatomical images of the urinary tract. Within the first few minutes the dye lights up the kidneys, a stage called the nephrogram. Later the pictures follow the dye down the ureters and into the bladder. The final film taken after urinating shows how well the bladder empties. The contrast is removed from the bloodstream through the kidneys. Then contrast media becomes visible on x-rays almost immediately after injection. Attention is paid at the: Kidney Bladder  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Tubes that connect them (urethras) Why Intravenous Urography is done? The most common reason an IVU is done is in a condition be the suspected presence of stones in the urinary tract. Other pathology are such as renal failure, myeloma and infancy. The doctor would like to know how the urine is draining from the kidney to the bladder and how the stones have affected your urinary system. This may be used to balance the ultrasound of the kidney to the bladder and how the stones have affected the urinary system and the other wise. IVU uses a dye, also called as a contrast medium. This shows up the soft tissues the urinary system on the x-ray. This will allow the cancer to be seen in any parts of the patients urinary system. The cancer shows up as a blockage or an uneven outline on the wall of the bladder or ureter for an example. It is also used in the investigation of other suspected causes of urine obstruction or blood in the urine. Patient preparation for Intravenous Urography. Patient should be held NPO for 24 hours prior to the radiographic study. Patient should receive a minimum of 2 cleansing enemas prior to study. One enema should be performed the night before the procedure. Patient should receive large-bore catheter prior to examination start time. Patients over 60 lbs should receive 2 large-bore catheters to facilitate contrast administration. Medication Instruction Fasting Instruction Bowel Preparation A) Unless the patient have an asthma or other allergies the medications are not reqiured. Therefore, the suggestion for the examination is reviewed since the patient can develop a reaction towards the contrast media that are used. If the doctor feels the benefits of this procedure will equalize the risks, then the patient may be arranged to prednisolone (a type of steroid medication) tablets for the examination. This would be 40 mg 12 hours and then, 40mg 2 hours prior to the procedure. Sometimes in an urgent examination, the patient may be given an injection of Hydrocortisone 100 mg (another type of steroid) just before the the examination. B) If the IVU procedure is in the afternoon, patient can take light breakfast. Until 4-6 hours before the procedure, the patient can take a small cup of clear fluids per hour such as water, fruit juice, black tea or black coffee. No milk must be taken because it causes indigestion. It is preferable that nothing should be taken for at least 4 hours prior to the procedure. Water is allowed in diabetics, myeloma patients, renal failure and for other conditions where dehydration is contraindicated. C) Low residue vegetable-free diet for 1 day before the examination. A lot of water should be taken during this period before fasting begins. The patient may be given laxatives such as 2 tablets of Dulcolax at 9 pm the night before the examination to increase the peristalsis action. Procedure for Intravenous Urogram. Patient will be asked to lie on an x-ray table where the radiographer will take a preliminary film of their abdomen. The doctor will then give patient an injection of contrast medium into their arm. After this, a series of films will be taken over the next 30 minutes as the dye passes through your renal tract. At one stage of the procedure, a tight band may be placed on patients lower abdomen to help the radiographer to obtain maximum filling of the kidneys before the contrast medium flows down into the bladder. At the end of the examination, patient will be asked to empty your bladder, and then another film will be taken to see the empty bladder. Sometimes the contrast medium takes some time to go through the kidneys and these results in an extended examination time. Contrast medium is a fluid that is opaque to x-rays, is concentrated in the kidneys and goes into the bladder before being passed out in your urine. It is colorless, so the patient cannot see it when you go to the toile t. Aside from the minor sting from the injection as the contrast medium is injected, some people report feeling a warm flush, and sometimes have a metallic taste in their mouth. These things usually disappear within a minute or two, and are no cause for alarm. Incase the patient become itchy or short of breath, let the radiologist know straight away, as they may have a slight reaction to the contrast, which can be eased with antihistamines. If the patient have asthma or severe allergies, the radiologist may suggest them to take a steroid, or use other imaging options. Patient care after Procedure Sometimes, there would be minor (generalised warmth, to rashes) to moderate, asthma and difficulty breathing, a drop in the blood pressure (usually transient) or rarely severe and life threatening (anaphylaxis). Infrequently, there may be severe discomfort/pain when compression is applied, but usually the compression will be released the moment the patient inform the radiographer in charge of your examination. The only severe complication of an IVP is an allergy to the iodine-containing dye that is used. Such an allergy is rare, but it can be fatal. Patient are given and asked to lay on top of draw sheets cause the radiographic may be cold. Pillows are given for comfort. There is usually no special instructions post IVU. The patient may eat and drink unless your referring doctor has another examination or procedure for you after the IVU examination About the Intravenous Urography Examination The procedure takes about 40 to 60 minutes. Patient need to empty their bladder before the test. In a private cubicle, Patient may be asked to remove their clothing and put on a hospital gown. Then patient will be taken to the X-ray room and asked to lie down on the X-ray table. Radiographer will take the first X-ray pictures without the dye. Radiographer will then inject the dye in a vein in their hand or arm, and take more X-rays of your abdomen and pelvis. Patient may be asked to move position and lie on your stomach, or hold their breath for a few seconds while the X-rays are taken. To help improve images of the kidneys, a tight band may be placed across their abdomen. Patient may also be asked to go the toilet to empty your bladder and have another X-ray taken. Results on Intravenous Urography A normal intravenous urogram indicates no visible abnormality in the structure or function of the urinary system. The radiologist looks for a smooth non-lobulated outline of each kidney, no clubbing or other abnormality of the renal calyces (collecting system), and no abnormal fluid collection in the kidneys that could suggest obstruction. The ureters must contain no filling defects (stones) or deviations due to an adjacent tumor. The bladder must have a smooth outline and empty normally as visualized on the post-void film. Abnormal results include hydronephrosis (distension of the renal pelvis and calices due to obstruction) as a result of tumors or calculi (stones). Cysts or abscesses may also be present in the urinary system. A delay in renal function can also indicate renal disease. An abnormal amount of urine in the bladder after voiding may indicate prostate or bladder problems. Intravenous urograms are often done on children to rule out a rapid developing tumor in the kidneys, called a Wilms tumor. Children are also prone to infections of the bladder and kidneys due to urinary reflux (return back-flow of urine). Film For a preliminary film, (35 x 43cm) supine full A.P. abdomen to include lower border of symphysis pubis and diaphragm, abdominal preparation,and for any calcifications overlying the renal tract areas. Additional films to decide position of any opacities.35 ° posterior oblique of the renal regions. Tomogram of the renal areas are at 8-11 cm 4 reasom why we do preminilary Patient preparation The position of kidney (collimation) Exposure factor Instruction For an immediate film (24 x 30cm), AP of the renal areas, the film is exposed 10-14 s after the injection (arm-to-kidney time). It is to show the nephrogram. For a 5 minute film (24 x 30cm) AP of the renal areas, this film is taken to decide if the excretion is equal or if the uptake is poor and is important for assessing the need to adjust the technique. A compression band is now applied around the patients abdomen and the balloon positioned midway between the iliac spines. This can produce better pelvicalyceal distension. Compression should not be used in cases of suspected renal colic, renal trauma or after recent abdominal surgery. In 15 minute AP of the renal areas, there is usually sufficient distension of the pelvicalyceal system with opaque urine by the time. In the release of film the supine AP abdomen, this film is taken to show the whole urinary tract. If the film is good enough, the patient is asked to empty their bladder. The main value of this film is to access bladder emptying to demonstrate a return to normal of the dilated upper tracts with the relief of bladder pressure. In 25 Minute film (24 x 30cm) 15 ° caudal angulations centred 5 cm above the upper border of the symphysis pubis to reveal the swollen bladder. After micturition film, this will be the coned view of the bladder with the tube angled 15 caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubis or the full length abdominal film to show the bladder emptying success and the return of the previously swollen lower ends of urethras to normal. Contrast agents and drugs Common examples for a 70 kg adult with normal blood urea values (2.5 7.5mmol/L.)Contrast media must be warmed to body temperature before injection. High osmolarity of contrast medium (HOCM) or low osmolarity of contrast medium (LOCM) 370 are acceptable but infants and small children, those with renal and cardiac failure, poorly hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anaemia and patient who have had a previous severe contrast medium reaction with low osmolarity contrast medium reaction with a strong allergic history have to receive low osmolarity contrast medium. Paediatric dose is 1ml kg/1 Equipment used for Intravenous Urogram Conray 400 ® 1 mL / lb ( 3 mL / kg) In high risk cats or compromised dogs (abnormal BUN / Creatinine), consult with the radiologist about the use of Omnipaque (Iohexol) instead of the Conray. Indwelling catheter preplaced in patient by clinician, student or treatment room techs. Depending on size of the animal or amount of contrast to be injected, 2 catheters might be required. Crash kit should be made available in the case of allergic contrast reaction (ie: vomiting and / or nausea are the most common.) What are the risks on doing Intravenous Urogram? Intravenous urograms are commonly performed and generally safe. However, in order to make an informed decision and give your consent, you need to be aware of the possible side-effects and the risk of complications of this procedure .Patient will be exposed to some X-ray radiation. Level of exposure is about the same as the background radiation that you would receive naturally from the environment over 12 to 14 months. Pregnant women are advised not to have X-rays, as there is a risk the radiation may affect the development of your unborn child. If the patient is, or think you may be pregnant, they must tell their doctor before the appointment. These are the unwanted but mostly temporary effects of a successful procedure. Very rarely, they may sense a warm feeling or get a metallic taste in their mouth after having the contrast. This should last only a minute or two.

Negotiations and Decision-making Essay -- Negotiating

A multitude of data can be found online when searching for material on decision-making. Likewise, the same can be stated regarding the search for information pertaining to negotiations and decision-making. For example, a Google search of the key words â€Å"negotiations/decision-making† garnered over ten million results! Reviewing a tenth of that information would take a great deal of time and energy, so this paper will narrow the scope and focus on four negotiation/decision-making types: zero-sum game, win-win, satisficing solutions and fixed pie. In addition, a brief discussion on how each of the types has been applied will ensue. Prior to this class I had never heard of the zero-sum negotiation type. When researching the ideology, I came across a website created by Robert Korn (Korn, 2010) called Truth Pizza, and I found his take on the subject quite interesting. He explained the zero-sum games negotiations type as one party pursuing an action that satisfies their needs while a comparable party equally misses an opportunity. Korn offered several examples to explain the method in a way that was easy to understand and relatable. To convey a couple of scenarios Korn disclosed, he wrote about the zero-sum game as it relates to insurance companies. Each month people pay premiums to provide protection from what may come. People buy flood insurance to protect from rising water, auto insurance to protect from accidents and theft, life insurance to pay out in an untimely demise, and so forth. Society-at-large pays monthly, semi-annual or annual premiums in hopes that they will never need the services they are paying for. â€Å"For the most part, the money we get back from insurance is considerably less than what we pay in† (Korn, 20... ... negotiation feeling as though their issues were addressed and important to the compromise. This fosters better relations and improved camaraderie for those involved. Works Cited Business Dictionary. (2010). Satisficing. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from Business Dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/satisficing.html Korn, R. (2010, April 25). Zero-sum Games. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from TruthPizza.org: http://www.truthpizza.org/logic/zerosum.htm Menard, R. (2009, November 17). What Does Win-Win Negotiation Mean? Retrieved November 15, 2010, from Ezine Articles: http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Does-Win-Win- Negotiation-Mean?&id=3281520 Spangler, B. (2003, October). Positive-Sum, Zero-Sum, and Negative-Sum Situations. Retrieved November 17, 2010, from Beyond Intractability: http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/sum/

Leading Group Challenges Paper

There are many important elements of organizational behavior in a criminal justice or security agency. These elements of organizational behavior are guidelines to organization hire valuable employees with values, morals, and ethnics. Commitment to ethical behavior one of the elements among others that will be discuss in this paper. Commitment to ethical behavior is when unethical behavior and illegal business practice in an organization is publicized.This is element that is use in the criminal justice and security agencies because the public and businesses trust the agencies to perform their duties with professionalism, morality, and diligence. The public sees through the media about police officer who have been caught breaking the law and conducting unethical behavior while on and off duty. The public has the see that the agencies are not tolerating unethical behavior from their personnel official because to restore the public's faith in the agency.Importance of human capital is an element use because employee love to know that they are being value by the organization he or she is employed with. Human behavior is very complex in an organization because of the demographic increase in the country, which results in employees with different cultures and background. This makes it hard for other employees to sustain success, so experience, knowledge and commitment to people plays a major part in sustaining that success. This true when it comes to a criminal justice and security agency where they come into contact with different cultures and backgrounds on a daily basis.Pervasive influence of information technology with penetration of computers and communication in all aspect of the workplace, it is important for a organization to keep up with the advancement of technology in the criminal justice and security agency. Technology is playing a major role in how criminals for committing crimes, which is why there has been a increase in cyber crimes because a criminal can bedazzle money, commit identity theft, and launder money from anywhere there is a computer with a capability to commit the transaction, even sex offenders are using cyberspace to search for victim.Many law enforcement agencies has development special division and hired computer experts to help combat the increase of cyber crimes. Emphasis on teamwork is a very important element in organizational behavior in the criminal justice or security agency. Many criminal organization are starting to work together to goal of making a huge profit in illegal activity, which is making it difficult for law enforcement to infiltrate and investigate a criminal organization because most of the criminal organization have knowledge of law enforcement personnel around their local area.Law enforcement agencies have teamed up and used other undercover officer from different local, state, and federal agencies to infiltrate and investigate illegal activity by criminal organizations. The United States may a lso team with agencies on an international level to help combat international criminal organization, in an effort to stop terrorism, drugs, human trafficking, and etc. Most organization have develop an element called a mission statement. A mission statement describes and helps focus the attention of organizational members and external constituents on the organization's core purpose.This is use in the criminal justice and security agency use mission statement for the success of the organization and better serve the community or businesses that they have agree to serve and protect. Demise of command-and-control because the handling of new environmental pressure and demands are proving incapable of a traditional hierarchical; organization are replacing them with a flexible structures and participatory work setting fully, which value human capital.Criminal justice and security agencies hierarchical are adapting to flexible structure to appreciate the value of human capital to keep the m oral high within the organization, and with the hierarchical still in place complaints and incident can be reported to a supervisor. Respect for new workforce expectations this is when the new generation of workers are not tolerating of hierarchy, more informal, and status is the least of their concerns.Organization are supporting their workers by paying more attention to helping the new generation balance their work responsibilities and personal affairs. This is true in the criminal justice and security agency, because employee must be totally focus on the mission statement an agency can't afford for an employee's job performance to suffer because of personal issue, so some have set up programs or counseling to help their employees deal with their issues. An agency knows personal issues can affect the value, morals, ethnics, and professionalism of the job.

buy custom Colonization of America essay

buy custom Colonization of America essay America was colonized during the early period of imperialism by Britain. The process of colonization of America began with the exploration activities, which were conducted by the European explorers. The explorers always informed their governments about the resources in America. This encouraged the Europeans to have much interest in commercial and agricultural activities in America (Frank, 1998, p. 89). Native Americans were among the early people who lived in America. Their population was seriously affected by wars and epidemic diseases, which were prevalent during the 16th century. Migration facilitated the emergence of other societies in America. For example, Afro-Americans emerged as an outcome of slavery (Frank, 1998, p. 90). American Indians also formed a part of this society. The arrival of the British colonials in America led to oppression and exploitation of the Americans. In order to protect their interest, the Americans had to resist the British rule through all the possible means. This led to the American Revolution, which facilitated the independence of America. In 1607, the British brought many drastic changes in the American society. They interfered with the American civilization. Apart from Britain, other European powers such Sweden and France also attempted to obtain colonies in America. The major aim behind colonization was the need to gain resources from America (Guevara, 2009, p. 231). During the British rule in the American colonies many changes occurred, and they were not in favor of the Americans interests. Slavery which had begun during the ancient period now became worse. The American society became increasingly stratified during the British rule. This led to the development of inequalities, which really affected many inhabitants of the American colony. These social injustices prepared the ground for the American Revolution. The American Revolution The revolution started in 1763 when the French and Indian war came to an end. The British government wanted the Americans to provide the financial resources for maintaining the colonies. The British colonialists wielded their power by charging high taxes on their subjects. The Americans did not accept those policies. Many Americans also felt that the British rule was illegal since they were not having representatives in the British government (Guevara, 2009, p. 215). They, therefore, protested against the British. Causes of the American Revolution American Enlightenment This was a lobby group that facilitated the spread of ideas such as republicanism and democracy. These ideologies enabled them to gain political consciousness. Republicanism inspired many people, and it was instrumental in advancing the course of the revolution (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 107). According to this ideology, the national interest should come first. They were, therefore, committed to fighting for self governance. Religion Religion was very significant during the American Revolution because it gave the citizens moral encouragement to resist colonialism. During the Revolution, church leaders took leadership roles in political organizations (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 112). For instance, they engaged in committees of correspondence. Some of them even participated in armies of resistance. Controversial British Legislation The Americans rejected most of the punitive acts that were enacted by the British government. For example, they enacted navigation acts. Through these acts, the colonial government was able to dominate the economic system and the Americans really suffered (Brinkley, 2009, p. 304). This made them fight against oppression. American Political Opposition Opposition of the British rule was also done through correspondent committees, which served in various capacities in the colonial government (Doyle, 2009, p. 76). Members of these committees also led the Americans during the protests. Role of Women Even though women were not a part of the major political activities throughout the revolution, they also played a role in facilitating the revolution. They provided intelligence by simply spying on the British activities (Doyle, 2009, p. 90). Women also provided food and other logistics to the soldiers. Economic Reasons During the colonial period in America, Britain was much preoccupied with advancing its economy (Henretta Dmenil, 2007, p. 113). For example, it was undergoing industrial revolution. In this regard, Britain enacted colonial policies that would favor its maximum exploitation of its colonies. The following economic factors, therefore, partly contributed to the onset of the American Revolution. The British government came up with a number of land policies in America after the end of the war between it and France. This war lasted for seven years, and it was mainly caused by the desire of the two powers to have colonial possessions in the western part of America. Britain which emerged victorious after the war annexed all the land that had been contested (Brinkley, 2009, p. 230). Soon after the war, Britain started enforcing major changes in land policies especially in its western colonies. The main importance of this policy was to facilitate British control over the Western colonies. In this respect, three other polices also emerged after the enactment of the new policy, and they included the following (Frank, 1998, p. 178). The exclusion policy was the first one, and it was meant to remove the Americans from the western region. Secondly, we had the implementation of the exclusion policy. Thirdly, the British set up modalities of financing the exclusion program, which was to be achieved through a series of taxation policies (Doyle, 2009, p. 123). In this case, it was the American citizens that were supposed to pay for the cost of removing their colleagues from the West. Thus, unfair taxation was one of the main economic factors that were responsible for the onset of the revolution in America. Even though the British government could device other mechanisms for raising funds, they saw the Americans as the most viable source of finance for accomplishment of the exclusion plan (Henretta Dumenil, 2007, p. 145). This was because the British government had incurred much expense during the war with France. Moreover, the taxes were relatively high in Britain compared to the colonies. The legislators also had their constituencies in Britain and not in the colonies. With all these issues put into consideration, the British parliament saw taxation of the colonies as the most suitable way of raising funds for the exclusion program (Guevara, 2009, p. 114). Accordingly, many taxation acts were implemented in order to generate revenue for the British army in America. The Sugar Act was implemented in 1764 and it was meant to reduce tariffs charged on non British products sourced from West Indies. It was also supposed to facilitate the collection of those goods (Doyle, 2009, p. 321). This act was followed by the first Stamp Act, which was implemented in order to provide income for the army. Soon after the enforcement of this act, the Quartering Act was also put in place, and it was meant to enable the British army to have access to social amenities from the Americans. More taxes were also levied on goods that were imported through the enforcement of the Townshend Act that was introduced in 1767. In addition to these acts, the British government also implemented the Navigation Acts, which further strained the economy of the Americans (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 145). The Americans could not do much to eliminate the British army occupation of the west. However, they resisted the new taxes imposed on them through a series of peaceful methods. For example, they refused to buy goods that were imported from Britain. This boycott affected trading activities to an extent that the British government removed most of the taxes mentioned above (Guevara, 2009, p. 210). Even after the elimination of these taxes, the British still had the feeling that it was important to continue taxing the Americans. This saw the implementation of new taxes after a few years. The Americans had no choice but to react violently. The harsh economic policies led to a serious economic decline among the Americans. Therefore, the economic issues together with other factors led to the outbreak of the revolution. Majority of historians have given much attention to the revolutionary leaders, in most of their analysis of the revolutionary period. For instance, most of them link the success of the American Revolution to individuals such as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and others(Philip, 1962, p. 556). Although that attention is merited, it has somehow given a false impression of how the American Revolution was conducted. As pointed out by historians such as Breen, it is clear that the idea of the revolution emerged among the ordinary people, and not the leaders. John Adams was right when he mentioned that there was a division among colonies on how to approach the idea of gaining independence. For example, some individuals advocated for peaceful negotiations for their rights, while other favored milittary campaigns. The local initiative by commissions that spread in various colonies further indicates that the revolution was driven through a concerted effort and not solely by the officials we link with nationalist cause. Indeed, the ordinary individuals willingly and vigorously engaged in the nationalist cause. This clearly indicates that ordinary Americans had the capacity to wield political authority in their territory with a sense of reason. It is also worth mentioning that by 1774, only few Americans could think of independence. In 1774, George Washington actually informed a friend of his that sovereignty was along term dream for the Americans. However, with great determination and focus the Americans managed to dislodge the British from their territory. Declaration of Independence According to many historians the Declaration of Independence is one of the most significant manuscripts that provide a chronological account of various events that facilitated the achievement of American independence. Several nations and organizations have also embraced its structures and tone in their own manuscripts and declarations. For instance, the Womens Movement employed a similar strategy in writing their Declaration of Sentiments(Philip, 1962, p. 523). The Declaration of Independence refers to the proclamation which the Continental Congress made in 1776. According to the provisions of this proclamation, the thirteen American Colonies that had resented the British rule were to be granted their autonomy. This meant that the Americans could have the chance to govern themselves without seeking guidance from Britain. The role of drafting the document was bestowed on Thomas Jefferson, and the Congress made necessary adjustment before it produced the final version. The declaration acted as an official statement that justified the voting of the Congress in favor of the decolonization. The voting took place on July, 2, 1776. On July 4, the final manuscript was produced. This was followed by the declaration of the Independence, which the congress issued in various forms. Nevertheless, the Declaration of Independence was in fact not in principle essential in declaring independence from Great Britain(Boyd, 1976, p. 439). Many scholars have adopted different analysis of the Declaration. For instance, some them argue that the information of the Declaration is similar to 'Lawyer's Brief'(Jayne, 2000, p. 444). In my view, the declaration acted as justification for the decolonization of the colonies in America. Indeed, the colonial grievances highlighted in the Declaration revealed that the Americans were really in need of independence. After independence, the Declaration did not receive much attention. However, it gained prominence over the years as the question of human rights became more significant. According to Abraham Lincoln, the Declaration of Independence laid the foundation for democracy in America. Therefore, he argues that the principles entrenched in Declaration can be used as guidelines for interpreting the American Constitution. Conclusion The above discussion indicates that there were several factors that led to the American Revolution. As discussed above, the British rule in America interfered with the both political and economic systems of America (Brinkley, 2009, p. 45). However, destroying the Americans economic system had the greatest effect on their lives. It is the harsh economic conditions that motivated the Americans to resist British rule in their territories. It is apparent that the non-economic factors helped in implementing the Revolution rather than causing it. For instance, the American Enlightment was responsible for the spread of ideas such as republicanism, which enabled the citizens to resist colonization with an aim of eliminating their oppression (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 90). Likewise, religion was more of a source of inspiration for the citizens to resist colonization rather than a cause of the revolution. Achieving political independence by the Americans was not only meant to enable them to rule themselves, but also to enable them to manage their resources in order to achieve economic prosperity. This leads to the conclusion that economic constraints were the main causes of American Revolution, because they caused much suffering among the Americans, thereby prompting them to resist colonization. The Americans finally regained their freedom after a serious struggle through military protests. Independence was finally granted to the American colonies in 1776. After independence the people of America started making constitutional changes that would enable them to develop their country. Buy custom Colonization of America essay